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| ¡ã Koguryeo Tomb
of General íâÏÚõÀ, Ji¡¯an (top), and Paekche Seok-chon-dong à´õ½Ô× Tomb No. 4.
with supporting stones ò¨÷Ëà´, Seoul (bottom) |
|
Paekche: An Offshoot of the
Puyeo-Koguryeo in Ma-han
Land
Wontack Hong
Professor, Seoul University
The Samguk-sagi records that Chu-mong came down from the Northern Pyueo to the Chol-bon Puyeo area (around the Hun-Yalu river valleys) to found the Koguryeo dynasty, and also that a son of Chumong and his followers came down to the Han River basin area to found the Paekche Kingdom. The majority of the Paekche population was apparently composed of the Ma-han people. The Paekche rulers had maintained the court ritual of presenting sacrifices to Heaven and Earth, and also to the shrine of Tong-myung, the legendary founder of both Puyeo and Koguryeo (identified as Chu-mong by the Samguk-sagi who was the father of Onjo, the official founder of Paekche kingdom). Paekche later moved its capital further south to Sabi at the Kum River basin area in 538, calling itself, even briefly, the Southern Puyeo.
According to the Dongyi-zhuan, a large number of Han
Chinese was taken prisoner by the Han people sometime between 17-19 AD. It was
during the reign of King Onjo (18 BC-28 AD), the founder of the Paekche kingdom.
The Dongyi-zhuan further records that the allied forces of Le-lang and Dai-fang
commanderies (under the dominion of Wei) launched a large scale attack against
the Han River basin area in 246. In the ensuing battle, the governor of Dai-fang
was killed.1 It was during the reign of King Koi (234-86)
in Paekche. By the mid-third century, Paekche seems to have been actively
expanding and consolidating its power base around this area. This attack by the
Le-lang and Dai-fang forces was apparently to disrupt and prevent the
unification of tribal chiefdoms under the emerging leadership of the
Paekche.2
The Dongyi-zhuan, however, simply records that Paekche was one of the Ma-han states in the Three Han area.
In 260, King Koi appointed six
ministers to handle specified administrative functions, established sixteen
grades of official rank, and prescribed colors for official dress in accordance
with rank. In 262, King Koi decreed that officials who accepted bribes or
practiced extortions would be expelled from office after paying a three-fold
penalty. The king received his subjects in majestic attire. Such a conspicuous
performance by King Koi, as was recorded in the Samguk-sagi, coupled with his
military exploits against the Le-lang and Dai-fang allied forces, seems to have
made the Zhou-shu record him (K‛iəu-yi) as ¡°the founder of Paekche in the
Dai-fang area (see CCI, p. 618).¡± 3
By the time King Mi-cheon of Koguryeo conquered the Le-lang Commandery in 313, Paekche came to occupy the Dai-fang Commandery. With the final southward flight of the Jin court in 317, the Han Chinese went out of the picture.
Paekche under the reign of the warrior kings Keun Chogo and
Keun Kusu represents the most expansionist era (346-384) for the kingdom. In
Samguk-sagi, the expression of ¡°King Keun Chogo and (or let) Crown Prince Kusu¡±
very conspicuously appears three times. One can find such an expression in
Nihongi also. According to the Samguk-sagi, Keun Kusu, in the year 369 as the
Crown Prince, routed the 20,000-man-strong Koguryeo army and captured five
thousand Koguryeo soldiers. In November 369, the King held a grand military
parade south of the Han River, fluttering yellow flags [just like the Chinese
emperors]. The conquest of the entire Ma-han area occurred immediately
thereafter. In 371, King Keun Chogo, together with the Crown Prince, invaded
Koguryeo with 30,000 troops, and King Koguk-won (331-371) of Koguryeo was killed
by an arrow in a battle at Pyung-yang. In 377, King Keun Kusu led thirty
thousand soldiers and attacked Pyung-yang.4
Before the appearance of King Kwang-gae-to the Great in 391, Koguryeo had constantly been battered by Paekche.
According
to the Jin-shu (in Annals), an embassy from Paekche had arrived at the court of
Eastern Jin in 372, and then a Jin envoy was sent to the Paekche court, granting
Keun Chogo the title of ¡°General Stabilizing the East and Governor of
Le-lang.¡±5 The Samguk-sagi records that Keun Chogo sent
another embassy to the Eastern Jin in 373. Jin-shu also records the arrival of a
Paekche mission in 384. The Jin-shu records that the title of ¡°Commissioner
Bearing Credentials, Inspector-General, General Stabilizing the East, and King
of Paekche¡± was granted to King Chim-nyu in 386.
6
These represent the
earliest diplomatic contacts (between Paekche and Chinese dynasties) formally
recorded in a Chinese dynastic history.7
Unlike Koguryeo that bordered upon the dynasties of mainland China and maintained a close relationship (namely, frequent warfare) with them from the time of its foundation, any detailed historical accounts relating to Paekche (or Silla) are absent from the Chinese dynastic chronicles prior to these Jin-shu records. Furthermore, one has yet to recognize the fact that Jin-shu records all these contacts with the Paekche kingdom in its Annals only. In its ¡°Barbarian Section¡± of Lie-zhuan (Biographies 67), a careless copy of Dongyi-zhuan, it solely mentions the extinct Ma-han and Chin-han as if Paekche (or Silla) does not exist on the Korean peninsula.
The
ritual acts of presenting nominal tributes and awarding grand titles in return
enhanced the prestige of the rulers of both Paekche and the dynasties of
mainland China, providing symbolic support for dynastic self-esteem and
respective claims of legitimacy.8
By the turn of the fifth century, King Kwang-gae-to of Koguryeo overran Paekche¡¯s capital (in 396). His son, King Changsu (413-91), moved the capital southward in 427 from the narrow mountain valleys of Yalu to Pyung-yang at the Tae-dong River basin, and seized the Paekche capital at Han-song in 475, beheading King Kaero. After the loss of the Han River basin to Koguryeo, Paekche had to relocate its capital south to Ung-jin.
Under the reign of Mu-nyung (501-23), Paekche was fully recovered from the aftermath of disastrous defeat of 475. Silla, however, occupied the Han River basin in 553, opening a direct sea route to China. Silla at last extinguished the entire Kaya Federation by conquering Tae Kaya in 562, and encircled the entire land frontiers of Paekche. After Silla¡¯s occupation of the Han River basin, Silla became Paekche¡¯s primary foe.
When King Mu
(600-641) of Paekche died, Tai-zong of Tang himself donned white robes and
issued a statement of grief at the Xuan-wu Gate in the northern wall of the
capital city.9 King Uija (641-660) of Paekche captured
more than 40 Silla castles in 642 and, forming a military alliance with
Koguryeo, laid a joint siege upon the Tang-hang Fortress at the mouth of the Han
River in 643 in order to cut off the Silla¡¯s access to the Yellow Sea. Queen
Sun-duck (632-47), the first of the three woman rulers of Silla, sent a
desperate memorial to the Tang court. Best (1982: 482) quotes Ce-fu Yuan-kui:
Tai-zong promised to take some concrete measures to stop their aggression, but
could not help voicing to the envoy his opinion that Silla¡¯s troubles might be
¡°attributed to the fact that the kingdom was ruled by a woman and consequently
lacked the respect of its neighbors.¡±10
What an odd prophecy to be uttered by Tai-zong on the impending fate of Tang under the Empress Wu!
DATING THE
FOUNDATION OF THE PAEKCHE KINGDOM
Since virtually all Japanese historians accept the thesis that the Yamato kingdom was established in the Japanese islands sometime during the fourth century, they want to believe that the Paekche and Silla kingdoms also appeared in the Korean peninsula sometime during the fourth century.
Shoku-Nihongi was finished by the
Yamato court in 797. It is the official history of the Yamato kingdom covering
the period between 697 and 791. Its record for the ninth year of Kanmu (781-806)
states that Kanmu¡¯s mother was an offspring of the Paekche King Mu-nyung
(501-23). The record also tells that Chu-mong (the founder of Koguryeo who was
the father of the Paekche¡¯s founder) was born to the daughter of River God
(Habaek). It further declares that Kanmu¡¯s mother was therefore a descendant of
Chu-mong. The records of Shoku-Nihongi on the following year state that King
Keun Kusu (375-84) was the ¡°sixteenth¡± king of Paekche when counted from the
Paekche¡¯s great ancestor, Chu-mong.11
Shouku-Nihongi apparently regards Chu-mong as the symbolic founder of Paekche.
The Samguk-sagi regards Onjo (the
third son of Chu-mong) as the official founder of Paekche. Samguk-sagi further
records that King Keun Kusu was the fourteenth king of Paekche when counted from
Onjo. That is, according to the Samguk-sagi, King Keun Kusu (375-84) should be
the ¡°fifteenth¡± king if counted from Chu-mong. The Chewang-un¡¯gi, a Korean
chronicle compiled in 1287, states, however, that Onjo¡¯s elder brother
(Chumong¡¯s second son) was the first king of Paekche, who died five months after
enthronement. That is, there was an ephemeral king between Chu-mong (the
symbolic founder of Paekche) and his third son Onjo who should have been
recorded as the official founder of Paekche. Such a possibility was indeed
acknowledged by the Samguk-sagi itself in a footnote. According to the
Chewang-un¡¯gi, however, the Samguk-sagi should have recorded Onjo as the second
king and his elder brother as the official founder of Paekche in the main text
instead of suggesting such a possibility in the footnote as a mere conflicting
story.
12
The Shinsen Shoujiroku (A New Compilation of Clan Register)
was finished by the Yamato court in 815 under the auspices of King Saga
(786-842). It records that King Munju(475-77) was the ¡°twenty-fourth¡± king of
Paekche when counted from Chu-mong while the Samguk-sagi places him as
¡°twenty-second¡± king of Paekche counted from the official founder, King
Onjo.13
Unlike the tradition of Samguk-sagi, the tradition of both
Shoku-Nihongi and Shinsen Shoujiroku that were compiled by the Yamato court was
to have Chu-mong stand for the symbolic founder of Paekche. Furthermore, the
latter two records apparently do not regard Onjo as the de facto founder of
Paekche, or as the second king of Paekche when counted from Chu-mong but regard
him, just like the Chewang-un¡¯gi, as the third king of Paekche.14
In any case, these records of the extant Japanese chronicles clearly contradict the arguments of modern Japanese historians that Paekche was established in the fourth century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[°¢ÁÖ]
1 ß²ÏÐò¤ êàßö è¡ü¯àØÝäÔÔì¨îî ùÛîî êàÕÔèØ èÝØÕò¢üÕãÁ(20-22) ¡¦ä²ÔõùÓìÑ¡¦êÓùÛá¶ÌªÔð¡¦ËËÓ¨Û¥êÓÒ¿ îÝß²Ò´ëø¡¦ÌØôøñé(237-9) ٥𨡦êÆúïÒì£ÏÛ¡¦ãíòªÌùÛÝÈ ÍôÓáÛ°ÏÛ¡¦ãÁ÷¼áúÏáñå ÑâÕÈ÷¼áúêåÙò ýéܲÛéñý ñåîúÞÝ
2 See Lee (1984: 36-37).
3 ñ²ßö ÏéÞÌä¨Îú æêîî ð¯ÞÌä¨ ìé ì¶æ´ß¾ ÛÝðíº Ðìà»ËÏØ©ùÛ ñýáÕÏÐ Üýæ®ñýܬðú êóÎû÷»íºã· ÏÐ
òËßö ÏéÎúä¨öÒ æêîî ð¯ë»ä¨öÒ ÞÌì¨ Ø©ùÛ Ùëð¨÷¼Ë¬êªÒ´ ì£Ò´ Ðìñ«ÞºÌºÞÅìýÍøÛ°Úª öÒÒ´ø¢Ò´ ä¨Ò´ éÑÞºò¸... ùàһ߲ҴݥÕÎ
The Jin-shu, in Biographies, records the embassies to the Jin court sent by a certain king of Ma-han in 277, 280 and 281 that must have been King Koi.
4 ÐÎõ«Í¯èÝ ì£ä¨ÞÌÒ´ õÕÎúêÅ ÍÔÏ£ÕòèÝÞÙë¦áýÜÆÑÈì£Ø¿ ÕÎÔêöËå½ ÝÂܲöÕ÷¬ÚÅû èÝ̺÷¼íì¤Ü²ÌÓò¸öËå½ Ðá̪÷òñý üòçéô¶æ®Ðä ÐìÖ×üòÝÂÞôíâÞÍ ÔÏä¨ìéêÅ ÓÞæóåÚùÓâ©Ñõ ÐýöºËËéÄüÜ ì£ä¨ë»Ò´ ÍÔÏ£ÕòËáܲÕÎ èÝÚ¤ñýÜÑܲåÚøªùÁß¾ ÞÆÐìò¸Ðá̪ñý ÍÔÏ£Õòܲø¨ÝÁ ÔÏ èÝæ¨÷¼íáýïñ߲ܲ
Ø¿ öÕÍÔÏ£ÕòÍôøÁå½àò ÕòèÝÞÙë¦ ÕôîúËÞñý ñé×µãÅÞÝ (S2: 31)
ãêÍí àîïÙ卌ÎúÒ´ ¡¦ åÚãÀÐìèÝõ«Í¯ÐàèÝíÏþâÎ æ²ÖÅÏÚÕÎüå. . .ÞÌëéí»æÔú¢Ü× ãÀì¤ÛÝðèÝÝ«íÐàüØï£Ü¬ÙÊÔþÐÅíÀÔõ¡¦(NII: 357)
ÐÎÎûâÏèÝ ß²Ò´ èÝíâ߲ܲؿ öÕÍÔÏ£ÕòøÁå½àò (S2: 32)
òãÞÙèÝ ë»Ò´ ÎúêÅ èÝÙ¤Ó¹áãòØÊ©ÙÈÛéÍÔÏ£Õò ÚûÔ´ÍÞàò Ö×Ôðì£ÛÝìÑ (S2: 45)
5 òËßö ÏéÎú ÊÛÙþð¨ ì£Ò´ ë»êŠ̺ÞÅÛÈÛÝðèÝæ®Ï£ êÓòåÔÔíâÏÚ ÖÅÑâÕÈ÷¼áú
Among the five stone-mounded tombs excavated south of Han River at Seok-chon-dong, Seoul, the largest one (Tomb No. 3) may be the grave of King Keun Chogo. The step-pyramid design of these tumuli compares closely to the stone tombs of Koguryeo in the Tong-gou region including the
one believed to be the grave of King Kwang-gae-to. See Best (2002: 183-89).
6 òËßöÏéÎú üøÙëð¨ ä¨ìéÒ´ ì¤ÛÝðèÝá¦íæ®ýÇêÓÞÅò¥ï½ Ô´Ô½ òåÔÔíâÏÚ ÛÝðèÝ
7 Best (1979: 128) and (1982: 453).
8 Prior to 567, with the exception of the single embassy sent to the Northern Wei court in 472 (inciting Wei to take military action against Koguryeo), the exchange of emissaries was conducted exclusively with the southern dynasties. Perhaps the existence of a Paekche colony in the Liao-xi area had prevented an early development of friendly relationship between Paekche and northern dynasties. Paekche sent more than 63 missions to the courts of mainland China during 372-652. See Best (1982: 452).
9 Best (1982: 480)
ÏÁÓÐßö ÔÔì¨æêîî ÛÝð ÙëÓìä¨çéÒ´ íððï ¡¦÷¼ðóáÈÜ×ÍÖñý ãæÓÐßö ð¨êÓËáäîúÜÙëÚ¦
10 óüݤêªÏÏ ÏéÎúÎúìé èâãíÝ» ÝáåÝÞÌ ïöκä¨öÒÒ´ ÎúêÅ ð¨êÝÞÅìÑèØ¡¦ì³ÏÐì¤ÜþìÑêÓñ«êÓìäÏÐÌîÙ²
11 áÙìíÜâѺ ü¸Ùëô¸üÕ æÅÕõ ø¢Ò´ . . .üÕ÷¼ý¨ àóûúä«ýÉãæØ¢ . . . ý¨à»õóí»ÛÝðÙëÒ»èÝñýíâíöí÷¼í . . . ÐìÛÝðêÀðÓÔ´Ù·èÝíº ùÁÛ×ñýÒ³ Êïìíïñì»á¶ßæ üÕÓÞý¨ ñíÐìýå¥ . . . æÅÕõÎúÒ´öÒêÅ . . . ÏþâÎèÝíº ÛÝðã·ýéð¯ä¨ë»á¦èÝå¥ Üý ÛÝðÓÞðÓÔ´Ù·ÓÞèÝíº ìíãê˽ÖÄ åòݦæ®ì»ËÒÏÐ . . . ð³ùÛì»偁èÝ (NS 5: 448-52, 468-72)
12 ð¨èÝê¤Ñº ÛÝðã·ðÓÙ£è®ðÔ . . . æ¨Ù½úüëÜðÔÑõÝÆí¡ÏÐ ëÜðÔí¡çéêÅì»ðï
ß²ÏÐÞÈÑÀ ÛÝðÜâѺ ð¯ìé ìééö ã·ðÓÝó×µèÝ . . .ÝÁݦæ®èÝú°Ý¦×¥ßîáÝ Ù½á¯à¤Ò¿ ðïÜâìÑæÅöíÚúñý Ò³...ßæíì£ìÑ íþèØÝó×µ óèØè® ðÔ ÍûËÜéÍðïÜâ ýñ¹ÙÕÜôé»åÚݦ æ®...ÑõÝÆò¸ðïÜâ í¡Ô´ ûÜÍÔÏ£Õò ö¥á¯à¤Ò¿êÓÝå...Ðàñ¹ÙÕî¤Ý¦æ®á¶ ßæÖÉä«íêè׺ÕÎ í¡ñýêÓ÷¼í..åÚãÀÝó×µêÝð©è®ðÔèØ. . . ä²Ù½ä«ÌË Ê«î¯ð¾à÷ÛÀåö...ÜôåýÜåÙ½ä«Ñõë´ ÜÔò¢ ܬءÏÐÔ´ æ¨ð©áãÓÚ×¾ . . .ò¸Ú¯õÛûìì¤ËÜñý (S2: 15)
13 It also records that King Hye was the thirtieth king of Paekche when counted from Chu-mong while the Samguk-sagi records him as the twenty-eighth king of Paekche counted from King Onjo.
ãæó¼àóä«Öâ ð¯ß²òí ñ§ÌÈð³Ûæù» ÛÝððÈãí õóí»ÛÝðÏÐÔ´Ù·èÝß²ä¨á¦áÝû³èÝå¥ ÛÝðÍë õóí»ÛÝðÏÐÔ´Ù·èÝì£ä¨ÞÌá¦áÝÚ¡æÐèÝå¥ à´å¯ææ õóí»ÛÝðÏÐìÑÐÎáÜèÝáÝåãÖóÜØ×ºå¥ (SS: 286-287)
14 The Shinsen Shoujiroku records a clan that has the seventh king of Paekche, Saban (234 AD), as its progenitor. It further records two clans that have King Piryu (the eleventh King of Paekche, 304-344) as their progenitor who was, the Shinsen Shoujiroku specifies, the descendant of King Chogo (the fifth King of Paekche, 166-214). It records a clan that has a descendant of the thirteenth King of Paekche, Keun Chogo (346-375) as its progenitor. We can see that the Shinsen Shoujiroku records the Paekche kings who, according to the Samguk sagi, ruled during 166-214 (King Chogo) and in 234 (King Saban) as the progenitors of some Yamato ruling clans. Furthermore, we can see that the Shinsen Shoujiroku clearly distinguishes Keun Chogo (the thirteenth King) from Chogo (the fifth King) by recording that the eleventh King Piyu was a descendant from the latter.
ãæó¼àóä«Öâ ð¯ß²òí éÓÌÈð³Ûæù» õð坿æ õóí»ÛÝðáÜͯèÝáÝÝï×µèÝå¥ Ú¡ÞÙä« õð坿æÔÒðÓ áÜͯèÝáÝÝï×µèÝñýýå¥ ÚâÝñä« ÛÝðÏÐÞÞÚâèÝñýýå¥ (SS: 301, 304)
http://www.wontackhong.pe.kr
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2005 by Wontack Hong
All rights reserved
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. »ï±¹»ç±â´Â (¹éÁ¦ÀÇ °ø½ÄÀû ½ÃÁ¶ ¿ÂÁ¶ÀÇ ºÎÄ£ÀÎ) ÁÖ¸ùÀ» µ¿¸íÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
2. ß²ÏÐò¤ êàßö è¡ü¯àØÝäÔÔì¨îî ùÛîî êàÕÔèØ èÝØÕò¢üÕãÁ(20-22) ¡¦ä²ÔõùÓìÑ¡¦êÓùÛá¶ÌªÔð¡¦ËËÓ¨Û¥êÓÒ¿ îÝß²Ò´ëø¡¦ÌØôøñé(237-9) ٥𨡦êÆúïÒì£ÏÛ¡¦ãíòªÌùÛÝÈ ÍôÓáÛ°ÏÛ¡¦ãÁ÷¼áúÏáñå ÑâÕÈ÷¼áúêåÙò ýéܲÛéñý ñåîúÞÝ
3. Lee (1984: 36-37) ÂüÁ¶
4. (CCI: 618) ÂüÁ¶. Áø¼ÀÇ Áö(ò¤)¿¡´Â ¸¶ÇÑÀÇ ¾î¶² ¿ÕÀÌ 277³â, 280³â, ±×¸®°í 281³â¿¡ Áø³ª¶ó¿¡ »ç½ÅÀ» º¸³½ ±â·ÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ °íÀÌ¿Õ À̾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù òËßö ÏéÎúä¨öÒ æêîî ð¯ë»ä¨öÒ ÞÌì¨ Ø©ùÛ Ùëð¨÷¼Ë¬êªÒ´ ì£Ò´ Ðìñ«ÞºÌºÞÅìýÍøÛ°Úª öÒÒ´ø¢Ò´ ä¨Ò´ éÑÞºò¸... ùàһ߲ҴݥÕÎ
5. ÐÎõ«Í¯èÝ ì£ä¨ÞÌÒ´ õÕÎúêÅ ÍÔÏ£ÕòèÝÞÙë¦áýÜÆÑÈì£Ø¿ ÕÎÔêöËå½ ÝÂܲöÕ÷¬ÚÅû èÝ̺÷¼íì¤Ü²ÌÓò¸öËå½ Ðá̪÷òñý üòçéô¶æ®Ðä ÐìÖ×üòÝÂÞôíâÞÍ ÔÏä¨ìéêÅ ÓÞæóåÚùÓâ©Ñõ ÐýöºËËéÄüÜ ì£ä¨ë»Ò´ ÍÔÏ£ÕòËáܲÕÎ èÝÚ¤ñýÜÑܲåÚøªùÁß¾ ÞÆÐìò¸Ðá̪ñý ÍÔÏ£Õòܲø¨ÝÁ ÔÏ èÝæ¨÷¼íáýïñ߲ܲؿ öÕÍÔÏ£ÕòÍôøÁå½àò ÕòèÝÞÙë¦ ÕôîúËÞñý ñé×µãÅÞÝ (S2: 31)
ãêÍí àîïÙ卌ÎúÒ´ ¡¦ åÚãÀÐìèÝõ«Í¯ÐàèÝíÏþâÎ æ²ÖÅÏÚÕÎüå. . ÞÌëéí»æÔú¢Ü× ãÀì¤ÛÝðèÝÝ«íÐàüØï£Ü¬ÙÊÔþÐÅíÀÔõ¡¦(NII: 357)
ÐÎÎûâÏèÝ ß²Ò´ èÝíâ߲ܲؿ öÕÍÔÏ£ÕòøÁå½àò (S2: 32)
òãÞÙèÝ ë»Ò´ ÎúêÅ èÝÙ¤Ó¹áãòØÊ©ÙÈÛéÍÔÏ£Õò ÚûÔ´ÍÞàò Ö×Ôðì£ÛÝìÑ (S2: 45)
6. ÇѰ ³²ÂÊ ¼®Ã̵¿(à´õ½Ô×)¿¡¼ ¹ß±¼µÈ 5°³ÀÇ Àû¼®°íºÐ(îÝà´Í¯ÝÅ) Áß °¡Àå Å« 3È£ ºÐÀº ±ÙÃʰí¿ÕÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °è´Ü½Ä ÇǶó¹Ìµå ÇüÅÂÀÇ °íºÐÀº, ±¤°³Åä¿ÕÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾îÁö´Â °íºÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, Å뱸(÷×ϵ) Áö¿ªÀÇ °í±¸·Á °íºÐµé°ú »ó´çÈ÷ À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. Best (2002: 183-89) ÂüÁ¶
òËßö ÏéÎú ÊÛÙþð¨ ì£Ò´ ë»êŠ̺ÞÅÛÈÛÝðèÝæ®Ï£ êÓòåÔÔíâÏÚ ÖÅÑâÕÈ÷¼áú
7. òËßö ÏéÎú üøÙëð¨ ä¨ìéÒ´ ì¤ÛÝðèÝá¦íæ®ýÇêÓÞÅò¥ï½ Ô´Ô½ òåÔÔíâÏÚ ÛÝðèÝ
8. Best (1979: 128) ¿Í (1982: 453) ÂüÁ¶.
9. ºÏÀ§¿¡°Ô °í±¸·Á¸¦ °ø°ÝÇ϶ó°í ºÎÃß±â·Á°í 472³â¿¡ ºÏÀ§·Î ´Ü Çѹø »çÀýÀ» º¸³½ °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â, »ç½ÅÀÇ ±³È¯Àº 567³â±îÁö ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ³²ÂÊÀÇ ¿ÕÁ¶µéÇÏ°í¸¸ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¿ä¼¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ¹éÁ¦ ½Ä¹ÎÁöÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ¹éÁ¦¿Í ºÏÁß±¹ ¿ÕÁ¶ »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿ìÈ£°ü°èÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ÀúÇØÇß´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ¹éÁ¦´Â 372-652³â ±â°£ Áß ¿©·¯ Áß±¹ Á¶Á¤¿¡ 63¹ø À̳ª »çÀýÀ» º¸³Â´Ù. Best (1982: 452) ÂüÁ¶
10. Best (1982: 480) ÂüÁ¶.
ÏÁÓÐßö ÔÔì¨æêîî ÛÝð ÙëÓìä¨çéÒ´ íððï ¡¦÷¼ðóáÈÜ×ÍÖñý ãæÓÐßö ð¨êÓËáäîúÜÙëÚ¦
11. Best(1982: 482) ÂüÁ¶.
12. áÙìíÜâѺ ü¸Ùëô¸üÕ æÅÕõ ø¢Ò´ . . .üÕ÷¼ý¨ àóûúä«ýÉãæØ¢ . . . ý¨à»õóí»ÛÝðÙëÒ»èÝñýíâíöí÷¼í . . . ÐìÛÝðêÀðÓÔ´Ù·èÝíº ùÁÛ×ñýÒ³ Êïìíïñì»á¶ßæ üÕÓÞý¨ ñíÐìýå¥ . . æÅÕõÎúÒ´öÒêÅ . . . ÏþâÎèÝíº ÛÝðã·ýéð¯ä¨ë»á¦èÝå¥ Üý ÛÝðÓÞðÓÔ´Ù·ÓÞèÝíº ìíãê˽ÖÄ åòݦæ®ì»ËÒÏÐ . . . ð³ùÛì»偁èÝ (NS 5: 448-52, 468-72)
13. ð¨èÝê¤Ñº ÛÝðã·ðÓÙ£è®ðÔ . . . æ¨Ù½úüëÜðÔÑõÝÆí¡ÏÐ ëÜðÔí¡çéêÅì»ðï
ß²ÏÐÞÈÑÀ ÛÝðÜâѺ ð¯ìé ìééö ã·ðÓÝó×µèÝ . . ÝÁݦæ®èÝú°Ý¦×¥ßîáÝ Ù½á¯à¤Ò¿ ðïÜâìÑæÅöíÚúñý Ò³..ßæíì£ìÑ íþèØÝó×µ óèØè® ðÔ ÍûËÜéÍðïÜâ ýñ¹ÙÕÜôé»åÚݦ æ®..ÑõÝÆò¸ðïÜâ í¡Ô´ ûÜÍÔÏ£Õò ö¥á¯à¤Ò¿êÓÝå..Ðàñ¹ÙÕî¤Ý¦æ®á¶ ßæÖÉä«íêè׺ÕÎ í¡ñýêÓ÷¼í.åÚãÀÝó×µêÝð©è®ðÔèØ. . ä²Ù½ä«ÌË Ê«î¯ð¾à÷ÛÀåö..ÜôåýÜåÙ½ä«Ñõë´ ÜÔò¢ ܬءÏÐÔ´ æ¨ð©áãÓÚ×¾ . . ò¸Ú¯õÛûìì¤ËÜñý (S2: 15)
14. »ï±¹»ç±â°¡ Çý¿Õ(û³èÝ)À» ¿ÂÁ¶·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¼¾î 28´ë ¿ÕÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏÀ» Çѵ¥ ¹ÝÇØ, ½ÅÂù¼º¾¾·ÏÀº Çý¿ÕÀÌ ÁÖ¸ùºÎÅÍ ¼¼¾î ¹éÁ¦ÀÇ 30´ë ¿ÕÀ¸·Î ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ãæó¼àóä«Öâ ð¯ß²òí ñ§ÌÈð³Ûæù» ÛÝððÈãí õóí»ÛÝðÏÐÔ´Ù·èÝß²ä¨á¦áÝû³èÝå¥ ÛÝðÍë õóí»ÛÝðÏÐÔ´Ù·èÝì£ä¨ÞÌá¦áÝÚ¡æÐèÝå¥ à´å¯ææ õóí»ÛÝðÏÐìÑÐÎáÜèÝáÝåãÖóÜØ×ºå¥ (SS: 286-287)
15. ¾ß¸¶Åä ¿Õ±¹ÀÇ Áö¹è¾¾Á·µéÀÇ Á¶»óÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ´Â ½ÅÂù¼º¾¾·ÏÀ» º¸¸é, ¹éÁ¦ÀÇ 7´ë ¿ÕÀÎ »ç¹Ý¿Õ(ÞÞÚáèÝ, 234)À» ¼±Á¶ÇÏ´Â ¾¾Á·ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¶Ç, ¹éÁ¦ 11´ë ¿ÕÀÎ ºñ·ù¿Õ(Ýï×µèÝ, 304-44)À» ½ÃÁ¶·Î ÇÏ´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ¾¾Á·À» ±â·ÏÇϸé¼, ºñ·ù¿ÕÀÌ 5´ë ¿ÕÀÎ Ãʰí¿Õ(õ«Í¯èÝ, 166-214)ÀÇ ÈļÕÀ̶ó°í ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 13´ë ¿ÕÀÎ ±ÙÃʰí¿ÕÀÌ Á¶»óÀÎ ¾¾Á·µµ ÀÖ´Ù. »ï±¹»ç±â°¡ 166-214±â°£ Áß ¿ÕÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â Ãʰí¿Õ°ú, 234³â¿¡ ¿ÕÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç¹Ý¿ÕÀ» ¼±Á¶·Î ÇÏ´Â Áö¹è¾¾Á·À» ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÅÂù¼º¾¾·ÏÀº 11´ë ¿ÕÀÎ ºñ·ù¿ÕÀÌ Ãʰí¿ÕÀÇ ÈļÕÀ̶ó°í ±â·ÏÀ» ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ 13´ë ¿ÕÀÎ ±ÙÃʰí¿Õ°ú 5´ë ¿ÕÀÎ Ãʰí¿ÕÀ» ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ±¸º°Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4¼¼±â ÀÌÀüÀÇ »ï±¹»ç±â ±â·Ï ºÒ½Å·ÐÀ» Àü°³ Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ·± ±â·ÏµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¸ð¸£´Â ü ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù
ãæó¼àóä«Öâ ð¯ß²òí éÓÌÈð³Ûæù» õð坿æ õóí»ÛÝðáÜͯèÝáÝÝï×µèÝå¥ Ú¡ÞÙä« õð坿æÔÒðÓ áÜͯèÝáÝÝï×µèÝñýýå¥ ÚâÝñä«
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