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µ¿°ËÀÌ ÁøÀÔ ÇØ ¿À´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤Àǵȴ١±°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ä³ç½Ä µ¿°ËÀº, ÇÑÁ·µéÀÌ ¸¸µç ûµ¿°Ë°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, Ä®ÀÇ ³¯°ú ÀÚ·ç°¡ °¢±â µû·Î ÁÖÁ¶µÈ´Ù.
Nelson(1993: 133)Àº ¡°¿ä³ç½Ä µ¿°ËÀº Çѹݵµ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿äµ¿¹Ýµµ¿Í ¹ßÇØ¸¸ ¿¬¾È¿¡¼ dzºÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ß°ßµÇÁö¸¸, ¸¸¸®À强 À̳²ÀÇ
Áß±¹º»Åä¿¡¼´Â ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¡±°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ûµ¿À¸·Î ´Ü°Ë, È»ìÃË, °Å¿ï(ÔÞÌð), ³¬½Ã °í¸®, µµ³¢ µîÀ» ¸¸µé´ø °ÅǪÁý°ú Á¾, (µ¿¹°Çü»ó)
Çõ´ë°í¸®, ´ÜÃß, ¸¶±¸·ù(Ø©Îý×¾), ¸¶Â÷ÀÇ Àå½Äǰ µî ±âŸ ûµ¿Á¦Ç°µéÀÌ Çѹݵµ Àü¿ªÀÇ ¹Î ¹«´ÌÅä±â À¯ÀûÁö¿¡¼ ÃâÅäµÈ´Ù. 7 Çѹݵµ¿¡¼ dzºÎÇÏ°Ô ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â µ¿°Ë°ú µ¿°æÀÇ À¯·¡´Â Çϰ¡Á¡ »óÃþ ¹®È(1100-300 BC)·Î
ÃßÀûµÈ´Ù. 8
Çѹݵµ ¼ºÎ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ (°¡Àå ¿À·¡µÈ) ½ÒÀº ±â¿øÀü 2400-2100³â°æÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÈ´Ù. 9
Áß±¹ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼ ½Ò ³ó»ç¸¦ Áþ´ø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ È²ÇØ¸¦ °Ç³Ê ÇѹݵµÀÇ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼ »ýÅÂÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ½ÁÇÑ Æ´»õ¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇϰí Á¤ÂøÇßÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©¸§Ã¶¿¡
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of¡°the Long Wall built by Yan¡±(Di Cosmo, 2002, p. 141) 11. Chi-feng;
12. Jian-ping; 13. Fu-xin; and 14. Karachin Banner |
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±âÀÚ¸¦ ¿¬³ª¶ó ÀÌ¿ôÀÎ Á¶¼±ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ·Î ºÀÇß´Ù. »ç¸¶ÃµÀº º×À¸·Î ¸î ±ÛÀÚ Àû¾î, °í´ë ÇÑÁ· ¿Õ½Ç Á¾Ä£µéÀ» ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿È£¿Í ¿¹¸Æ-Åü±¸½ºÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î
º¸ÀÌ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ½ÃÁ¶·Î ¸¸µç °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç±â¿¡´Â ¼º¿Õ(à÷èÝ, 1042-36 BC) ¶§, ¼Ò°øÀÌ ¼¶¼(àí°ú ±× ¼ÂÊ, ȤÀº ¼¶ÀÇ
¼ÂÊ)¸¦ ´Ù½º¸®°í, ÁÖ°øÀÌ ±× µ¿ÂÊÀ» ´Ù½º¸°´Ù´Â ±â·ÏÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. »ç±â´Â ¶Ç, ¼Ò°ø¿¡°Ô ºÀÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ºÏ¿¬(æØ) ¸»°í ³²¿¬ À̶ó´Â °Íµµ ÀÖ¾úÀ»
°ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖ¼®À» ´Þ¾Ò´Ù. 11
Àü±¹½Ã´ë¿¡ ÆíÂùµÈ °üÀÚ(ηí)¸¦ º¸¸é, Á¦(ðº)ÀÇ È¯°ø(ü¸Íë 685-43 BC)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·Ï¿¡¼ Á¶¼±ÀÌ µîÀåÇϸç, ÀüÇÑ(îñùÓ)¶§ ¾²¿©Áø
»ç¸¶Ãµ(145-90 BC)ÀÇ »ç±â¿¡´Â ¿¬ ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·Ï ¼Ó¿¡ ºÎ¿©¿Í °íÁ¶¼±ÀÌ ÇÔ²² ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ÈÄÇѼ(ýùÓßö)´Â ¿¹(çØ), ¿ÁÀú(èªîÁ),
°í±¸·Á°¡ º»·¡ Á¶¼± ¶¥¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇØÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. 12
ÁÖ(ñ², 1122 ȤÀº 1027-256 BC) Á¶Á¤ÀÌ ¼è¸ÁÀÇ ±æ·Î Á¢¾îµé¾î ±â¿øÀü 403³â°æºÎÅÍ´Â Àü±¹½Ã´ë°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. À§·«(êàÕÔ, ÔÔì¨îî
ß²ùÛÀü¿¡ Àοë)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÁÖ ¿Õ½ÇÀÌ ¼è¾àÇØÁöÀÚ ¿¬ÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚ°¡ [±â¿øÀü 323³â¿¡] ½º½º·Î ¿ÕÀ» ĪÇß´Ù. ±×·¯ÀÚ ±âÀÚÀÇ ÈļÕÀÎ Á¶¼±ÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚµµ
½º½º·Î ¿ÕÀ̶ó ĪÇß°í, ÀÌµé µÎ ³ª¶ó´Â ¼·Î ÀüÀï Á÷Àü±îÁö °¬´Ù. °á±¹ ±â¿øÀü 300³â°æ¿¡ Á¶¼±°ú ¿¬³ª¶ó »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüÀïÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿¬Àº
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»ç±â Èä³ëÀüÀ» º¸¸é Áø°³¶ó´Â À̸§ÀÇ Àå¼ö°¡ µ¿È£¿¡ ÀÎÁú·Î ÀâÇô°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ µ¿È£Á·ÀÇ ÀüÆøÀûÀÎ ½ÅÀÓÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ¿¬³ª¶ó·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Â ÈÄ, µ¿È£¸¦
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µ¹´ã, ¿õµ¢ÀÌ µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ, ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¿ä»õÈµÈ ¹æ¾î¼± ÇüÅÂÀÇ À¯ÀûÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϴµ¥, À̰ÍÀ» º¸°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »çÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¡°¿¬ À强¡±ÀÇ ÈçÀûÀ̶ó°í
¸»ÇÑ´Ù. »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, º°·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â À¯Àûµµ ¾ø´Â µ¿°ú ¼·Î ¡°¿¬ À强¡±ÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ó»óÀ» Çϸç À强ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ¸Ú´ë·Î
±×·Á´í´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ Di Cosmo (2002: 148-50, 157)°¡ ¿ä¾àÇÑ °í°íÇÐÀû ¹ß±¼ °á°ú¸¦ (±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇØ¼®À» »©°í) ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù.
¼ÒÀ§ ¡°¿¬ À强¡±À» µû¶ó°¡¸ç, ³ôÀº Áö´ë¿¡ µ¹·Î Áö¾îÁø ¸î °³ÀÇ ¿ä»õ¿Í ¿øÇü °ÅÁÖÁö À¯Àû¿¡¼ °í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ Çϰ¡Á¡ »óÃþ¹®È À¯¹°µéÀ»
¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ä»õÈµÈ ¹æ¾î¼± ÁÖº¯¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â À¯¹°µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇÑÁ· ¹®È¿Í´Â °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. °í°íÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×°÷ °ÅÁÖÀÚ°¡ µ¿È£Á·À̾ú´Ù°í
¹Ï´Â´Ù. ÀûºÀ ºÎ±Ù¿¡¼ ¹ß±¼µÈ À¯¹°µéµµ ¸ðµÎ Çϰ¡Á¡ »óÃþ°ú ¿À¸£µµ½º ûµ¿¹®È¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. 16
À̵é ÁÖº¯ Àü Áö¿ªÀÇ °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇÑÁ·ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À¯¸ñ¹Îµé À̾ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¼ÒÀ§ À强(íþàò)À̶ó´Â Á¸Àç´Â, À¯¸ñ¹Î°ú ³ó¹ÎÀ»
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ºñ(Þª)³ó°æÁö¿ªÀ» ¹æÀ§Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À¯¸ñ»ýȰÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¿Ü°èÀεéÀÌ ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅÁÖÇÏ´ø Áö¿ª ¼Ó¿¡, »õ»ï½º·´°Ô »ì°Ô µÈ ÇÑÁ·À» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ±×
À庮µéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù´Â Áõ°Å´Â Çϳªµµ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±× À庮ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö, ¶Ç ¹«¾ùÀ» ½ÇÁ¦·Î º¸È£Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¾Ë ¼ö°¡
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¼ö ¸¸ ¸íÀÌ Á¶¼± ¶¥À¸·Î ÇdzÀ» Çߴµ¥, ¡°»óÅõ¸¦ Ʋ°í È£º¹(û×Ü×)À» ÀÔÀº¡± À§¸¸À̶ó´Â ¿¬³ª¶ó »ç¶÷(206-195 BC)µµ ¿Ô´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
À§¸¸Àº ¼ÂÊ º¯°æ¿¡¼ Çdz¹ÎµéÀ» °üÀåÇÏ´Â ¾÷¹«¸¦ À§ÀÓ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ¸¶Ä§³»´Â Á¶¼±ÀÇ ¿ÕÀ§¸¦ ÂùÅ»Çß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. µ¿ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÇÑÀü(ùÛîî)Àº, À§¸¸¿¡
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»ç±â¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¾ ¿¬³ª¶ó´Â 7ÆÐ(öÒø®) Áß °¡Àå ÀÛ°í ¾àÇÑ ³ª¶ó¿´´Âµ¥, ¼Ò¿Õ(á¹èÝ, 311-279 BC) ¶§¿¡ ¿Í¼ µ¿ºÏ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¿µÅ並
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ÀDZ¸½ÉÀÌ ¶°¿À¸£°Ô ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë, (1) »ç±â¿¡¼ ¸»ÇÏ´Â (ÝÁ)¿¬ÀÇ ¿µÅä°¡ °ú¿¬ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ÇϺϼº ÀÌ¿Ü Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î È®´ëµÈ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú³ª? (2)
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µ¿È£Á·ÀÇ (Ñõ)¿¬ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾È¾ÒÀ»±î? (5) ±â¿øÀü 311³â Áø°³ÀÇ Á¤º¹È°µ¿ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ³ÇÏ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¿ä¼ Áö¿ªÀ» °ú¿¬ ´©°¡ Á¡°ÅÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡?
(6) Áø°³ÀÇ Á¤º¹È°µ¿ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¿ä³ç¼º ´ë´ÉÇÏ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ Áö¿ªÀ» ´©°¡ Á¡°Å Çß³ª? (7) ±â¿øÀü 206-195³â ±â°£ Áß¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â
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Áß±¹ Á¤»ç(ïáÞÈ)¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °íÁ¶¼±°ú ¿¾ ¿¬³ª¶ó »çÀÌÀÇ Ãæµ¹ ±â·ÏÀº, ¸ù°ñ À¯¸ñ¹ÎÀûÀÎ ¼±ºñ-µ¿È£Á·°ú Áߺθ¸ÁÖ-ÇѹݵµÀÇ ¿¹¸Æ-Åü±¸½ºÁ·
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¿äµ¿ÀÇ Áö¹è´Â 352³âÀÌ Áö³ 668-755³â ±â°£ Áß¿¡ ´ç³ª¶ó¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀçÇöµÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¿äµ¿ ¶¥Àº ¼±ºñ-°Å¶õ°ú ¿¹¸Æ-¿©Áø
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Hong All rights reserved
BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.EastAsianHistory.pe.kr http://www.WontackHong.pe.kr
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1. ¹ÎÁ·»çÇÐ(ÚÅðéÞÈùÊ)Àº ÀηùÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÐÆÄ·Î, ¾ð¾î-¹®ÈÀû Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ °¢ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ±â¿ø, ºÐÆ÷, Ư¡,
µîÀ» ºÐ¼®Çϸç, ƯÈ÷ °í°íÇÐÀû À¯¹°ÀÇ ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇÑ ¹®È¹ßÀü ¿¬±¸¿¡ Ä¡ÁßÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼°è ¾î´À °÷À̳ª ´Ù ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌÁö¸¸, ÇöÀç µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·»çÇÐÀº
¿¬±¸ÀÚ °¢ °³ÀÎÀÌ Ã³ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡È¯°æ Çö½Ç¿¡ Áö¹èµÇ´Â °æÇâÀÌ Å©±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ƯÁ¤ ¿¬±¸ÀÚÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·»çÇÐÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÚü°¡ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¹¦ÇÑ Á¦¾àÀ» ¹ÞÁö
¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡°¹ÎÁ·»çÇС±Àº ¡°¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ¿ª»ç°ü¡±ÀÇ ¾àÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ÇÊÀÚ°¡ µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¹ÎÁ·»çÇÐÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â
Á¡À» ¹àÇôµÐ´Ù.
2. ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀº ½É¾ç ÁÖº¯°ú ±× ºÏÂÊ Áö¿ªÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. Nelson (1993: 108)À» ÂüÁ¶.
3. Nelson(1993: 113-6, 158, 161)À» ÂüÁ¶. Xu Yu-lin(Nelson,
1995: 66, 79)Àº ÇѹݵµÀÇ ºø»ì¹«´Ì Åä±â°¡ ¿äµ¿ÀÇ À½°¢ Åä±â¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀ» ¸Î°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Nelson(1995:
10)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ Åä±âµéÀÌ ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ ¿¬¾È°ú Çѹݵµ, ÀϺ» µî µ¿ºÏ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Àü Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Âµ¥, ±× Á¦Á¶-Àå½Ä ±â¹ýÀÌ ¸¸¸®À强 ¾Æ·¡
Áß±¹ º»Åä¿¡¼ ¹ß±¼µÇ´Â Åä±â¿Í´Â ÀüÇô ´Ù¸£´Ù.
4. ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ °íÀε¹Àº Àεµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸ÁÖ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Âµ¥, ¸¸ÁÖÀ¯¿ª-Çѹݵµ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ 10¸¸°³°¡ ³Ñ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ
¹Ðµµ¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ. Nelson(1993: 159, 163)Àº, Çѱ¹¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ °íÀε¹ÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ´Â °íÀε¹ÀÇ ¿ø»êÁö°¡ Çѱ¹ÀÏÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô Çϰí
¶Ç, ¡°¿µ±¹ ¿µµ¿¡¼Ã³·³, ¿¹¸ÆÀÇ Áö¹èÃþµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ÅÀåÁö¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇßÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¡±°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ºÏ¹æÇü °íÀε¹Àº ºø»ì¹«´Ì
Åä±â ¸»±â¿¡ ÃâÇöÇß´Ù. °Å´ëÇÑ µ¹±âµÕ À§¿¡ ÃÖ°í 300Åæ¿¡ ´ÞÇÏ´Â °ü¼®(ήà´)À» ¿Ã·Á³õ¾Æ, Áö»ó¿¡ ¼®°ü ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¹æÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ³²¹æÇü °íÀε¹Àº
ûµ¿±â ÈĹݿ¡ ÃâÇöÇߴµ¥, ¸¶Ä¡ ¹ÙµÏÆÇ ¸ð¾ç ¸î °³ÀÇ µ¹ À§¿¡ °Å´ëÇÑ °ü¼®À» µ¤°í, ÁöÇÏ¿¡ ¼®°üÀ̳ª ¿Ë°üÀ» ¹¯¾ú´Ù. ¸ÅÀåǰÀ¸·Î´Â ¿Á°ü ¸ñ°ÉÀÌ¿Í
°î¿Á(ÍØè¬) µîÀÌ ¹ß±¼µÈ´Ù. Nelson(1995: 16)Àº, ¸¸ÁÖÆò¿ø°ú ¿äµ¿¹ÝµµÀÇ °íÀε¹µéÀÌ ±× ÃàÁ¶¹æ¹ý°ú ¹ß±¼¹°ÀÇ ³»¿ë ¸é¿¡¼
ÇѹݵµÀÇ °íÀε¹°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ ¿¬°üÀ» º¸ÀÎ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Xu Yu-lin(Nelson, 1995: 80)Àº ½Å¼®±â½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿äµ¿¹Ýµµ, »êµ¿¹Ýµµ, Çѹݵµ°¡
»óÈ£°£¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¸é¼ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. »êµ¿¹Ýµµ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ °íÀε¹À» ¸¸µé´ø µ¿ÀÌÁ·µéÀº ÇÑÁ·¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Èí¼ö µ¿ÈµÇ¾ú°Å³ª,
¸¸ÁÖÀ¯¿ªÀ¸·Î ¹Ð·Á°¬À» °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µÈ´Ù.
5. Barnes (1993: 166) ÂüÁ¶.
6. Barnes (1993: 160-1) ÂüÁ¶.
7. Nelson (1993: 137-8) ÂüÁ¶.
8. Pai (2000: 200,203) ÂüÁ¶.
9. Nelson (1993: 147) ÂüÁ¶.
10. Kim (1986: 121) ÂüÁ¶.
11. ÞÈÑÀ Ïéß²ä¨ÞÌ æØá¯Íëá¦Ê«ð¯ÞÌ ñ²ÙëèÝñýØþñÄ[1027 BC]Üæá¯ÍëåÚÝÁæØ áäõ÷èØ êóÑõæØ ÍºéöÝÁæØ
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15. À±³»Çö (1986: 43-58) ÂüÁ¶.
ÞÈÑÀ ýÖÒ¿æêîî ð¯çéä¨ æØæ²õéíþàò¡¦ò¸åÑøÁ êßá¹éöÐÑסÔÔá¶×âå¥ ÞÈÑÀ Ï鸢䍸¢ ÙÕÒ¸æêîîð¯ì£ä¨ø¢ ã·üÕ ¡¦ õéíþàò
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16. °í¸®Çü ¼ÕÀâÀ̰¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿°Ë, ¸» ȤÀº »õ¸¦ ÁÖÁ¦·Î ÇÏ´Â Àå½Äǰ, (¹æ¿ï)Á¾ Àå½Äǰ, ´ÜÃß, ±Í°ÉÀÌ,
Çõ´ë °í¸® µî°ú °°Àº ûµ¿Á¦Ç°µéÀÌ ´ë·® ¹ß±¼µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÌ Áß±¹º»Åä ¹®È±Ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
17. ß²ÏÐò¤ êàßö è¡ü¯àØÝäÔÔì¨îî çØîî ¡¦òçãÔõÑà ô¸ù»ÚäòÚ æØðºðáÚÅùò¢ðÈàØâ¦Ø¿Ï¢ æØìÑêÛØ» 魋Ì¿ì¨Ü× ÜÖÕÎèÝñý
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18. °û´ë¼ø(1995b: 178)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Çϰ¡Á¡ ÇÏÃþ¹®È(2000-1500 BC)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¸ÅÀå À¯ÀûÀÌ
ºÏ°æÀÇ ·ù¸®Çã(ë¤×ãùÁ) Áö¿ª¿¡¼, ¼ÁÖ ÃÊâ±â¿¡ ¼Ò°øÀÇ ¿¬³ª¶ó ¼öµµ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â Àå¼Ò¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â Ãþ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ, »ó³ª¶ó º¸´Ù µµ ´õ À̸¥ Ãþ¿¡¼
¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¬À̶ó´Â ±ÛÀÚ´Â ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÅŹ °©°ñ¿¡ »õ°ÜÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. »ç¸¶Ãµ(c.145-86 BC)Àº ÁÖ ¹«¿Õ(r.1049-43 BC)ÀÌ ¼Ò°øÀ»
ºÏ¿¬ÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚ·Î ºÀÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í ±â·ÏÇß´Ù. »ç±â´Â ´ç½Ã¿¡ ³²¿¬ °°Àº Á¸Àçµµ ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖ¼®À» ´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±â¿øÈÄ 336-436 ±â°£ Áß,
Àü¿¬(337-70), ÈÄ¿¬(384-408), ¼¿¬(384-94), ³²¿¬(398-410), ºÏ¿¬(409-36) µî ³× °³ÀÇ ¿¬À̶ó´Â À̸§ÀÇ ±¹°¡°¡
³ªÅ¸³µ¾ú´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, ¿ä¼¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ºÏ¿¬ÀÇ Áö¹èÀÚ´Â ³î¶ø°Ôµµ ÇÑÁ·À̾ú°í, »êµ¿¹Ýµµ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ³²¿¬À» Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼ ³ª¸ÓÁö 3°³ÀÇ ¿¬³ª¶ó Áö¹èÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµÎ
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19. Barnes (1993: 150) ÂüÁ¶. ¿©¿µ½Ã(åùçÈãÁ)´Â, ¿¬³ª¶ó¿Í °íÁ¶¼±ÀÇ ÁÖ¹Îµé »çÀÌ¿¡ Ȱ¹ßÇÑ
»ó¾÷Àû ±³·ù°¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¿¬³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ÁÖÁ¶ÇÑ ÈÆóµéÀÌ Çѹݵµ¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Twitchet and Loewe (1986:
447) ÂüÁ¶.
20. Barnes (2001: 83-4) ÂüÁ¶. Nelson (1993: 174)Àº ±â¿øÀü
3¼¼±â ȤÀº ±× ÀÌÀü °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ¿ë±¤·Î¿¡¼ »ý»êµÈ öÁ¦Ç°µéÀÌ ºÏÇѰ À¯¿ªÀÇ Ã¶±¤¼® ¸ÅÀåÁö ºÎ±Ù¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ç ³²ÇؾÈÀÇ ¿¾ °¡¾ß
À¯ÀûÁö¿¡¼´Â ±â¿øÀü 1-2 ¼¼±âÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â ¿ø½ÃÀû ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¦Ã¶ °¡¸¶µéÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
21. À̱â¹é (1984: 17) ÂüÁ¶.
22. ùÓßö Ïéë» Ùëð¨Ñº ð¯ë» êªÜæì£Ò´¡¦ðÈàØèÝÍô߯סÔÔÔ´êÏ Ò¬Ù´ô¸ù»ÞÝñªÌªðÈàØ ë»êÅ¡¦õÕ
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ùÓßö ÏéöÒä¨ß² êßúçîî ð¯ÞÌ ä¨ß² üøÙëüÕð¨ÚÀñéÏÐ÷óÖÌ ÙíäÌ Ò»ñýãÁ...ÝÁåÁýÕҿ˽ÍàÞ÷䍨¿ñý ñë öÇçéáÕÏÐ
ÑÃÞýÛ°ì¤÷¬ÐìÝþé® ñýò¢ ÔÔÛéðÈàØ ÑÃúÜ菟ÑâÕÈì¤Ó¨ ýÕÒ¿ñýñ§Þ¢
The Ancient Yan and the Ye-maek Chosun
the xianbei-donghu and the Ye-maek Tungus
Wontack Hong Professor, Seoul University
The Proto-Xianbei-Tungus in Manchuria
The proto-Turko-Mongol populations, who had first settled around
Transbaikalia across the Great Altai, dispersed further across the Greater
Xing¡¯an Range to become the proto-Xianbei-Tungus in Manchuria, and an offshoot
of them tracked a warmer and moister climate down through the Korean peninsula
to become the rice-cultivating farmers. The Korean peninsula is an extension of
central Manchuria towards the sea, having a long strip of plains in the west
flanked by high mountains in the east.
The greater Manchurian ethnohistorical sphere of the Xianbei-Tungus that
includes the Korean peninsula has formed one of the three major sub-regions of
East Asia, sharing intimate histories with strong cultural affinity.1 The proto-Altaic speech community of Xianbei-Tungus had
shared the Neolithic Hong-shan culture, and also the tradition of dolmens,
broad-and-narrow-bladed bronze daggers, and Chulmum-Mumun pottery. The Korean
peninsula has been closely connected with Manchuria not only as an
ethnohistorical entity but also as a physical reality. The Liao-xi steppe in
western Manchuria was the home of Dong-hu, including the Xianbei and their
descendent Qidan tribes, who were the steppe wolves leading a life rather like
that of Mongolic nomads. The forest region in eastern Manchuria, extending from
the Lesser Xing¡¯an Ranges down to the Changbai Mountain area, was the home of
the Mohe-Ruzhen Tungus (who were the descendants of Sushen-Yilou and ancestors
of the core Manchu tribes) who were the forest tigers leading a life of rather
extensive hunting and gathering supplemented by patchy farming.
The central Manchurian plain around the upper Song-hua and Liao River basins
(the Dong-bei Plain) as well as the mountainous areas around Hun (Dong-jia),
Yalu and Tae-dong rivers were the home of the Ye-maek Tungus, including the
people of Old Chosun, Puyeo, and Koguryeo, whose life involved millet farming
and livestock breeding, with hunting and river fishing serving as additional
means of subsistence. 2 The southern Korean peninsula was
the home of rice-cultivating Ye-maek cousins who had established ancient
political entities that were called collectively Chin, Han or Three Hans in the
Chinese dynastic chronicles. In the ethnohistorical context, the ancient home of
the Ye-maek Tungus, i.e., the central Manchurian basin and the Korean peninsula,
may be defined as the ¡°Korea proper.¡±
Incised-Plain Pottery, Bronze Daggers and Dolmen
The Neolithic period of Korea proper, characterized by the comb-patterned
Chul-mun pottery, began c. 8000 BC. According to Barnes (1993: 109), ¡°the Fuhe,
Hong-shan and Xin-le shared a textured-pottery tradition more similar to the
incised Chul-mun of the Korean peninsula than the Neolithic cultures of the
China Mainland.¡± A new pottery style represented by the plain Mumun pottery
began to appear in Korea proper c. 2000 BC, designating the late Neolithic.
Pottery from many sites of Liao-ning and Heilong-jiang is similar to the plain
Mumun pottery from other Manchurian sites and the Korean peninsula. 3
Similarities between the Manchurian basin and the Korean peninsula, observed
in the Neolithic sites in the form of comb-patterned Chul-mun pottery, continue
in the Bronze Age sites in the form of plain Mumun pottery, dolmen, and bronze
daggers. Dolmen, the status symbol of Ye-maek ruling elites, characterizes the
Dong-yi culture of the Manchurian basin and the Korean peninsula.4 The dolmen sites never yield iron, so dolmen-building is
thought to have been discontinued by 300 BC (see Barnes, 1993, p. 166).
The Bronze Age began c. 1500 BC in the Manchurian basin and c. 1000 BC in the
Korean peninsula (see Barnes, 1993: 160-1). According to Barnes (1993: 162),
¡°the peninsular Bronze Age per se is defined by the intrusion of the
[broad-bladed] Liao-ning dagger from the Manchurian Basin.¡± Unlike the Han
Chinese bronze daggers, the blade of Liao-ning daggers was cast separately from
the hilt. According to Nelson (1993: 133), ¡°Liao-ning dagger is found abundantly
in the Liao-dong peninsula and around Bohai Bay, as well as in Korea, but it is
not found in China south of the Great Wall.¡± Molds for bronze daggers,
arrowheads, (fine-lined) mirrors, fishhooks, and axes, and other bronze
artifacts such as bells, (animal-shaped) belt buckles, buttons, horse trappings,
and chariot ornaments have appeared in the plain Mumun pottery sites throughout
the peninsula.5 The origins of the bronze dagger and the
fine-lined mirror that are abundantly found in the Korean peninsula are traced
to the Upper Xiajia-dian culture of 1100-300 BC (see Pai, 2000, pp. 200,
203).
Rice discovered in the western peninsula dates from 2400 and 2100 BC (see
Nelson, 1993, p. 147). A group of southern Chinese who were cultivating rice
perhaps crossed the Yellow Sea and found a similar ecological niche in the
southern peninsula. By taking advantage of northeasterly winds, ships could sail
in summer directly from the mouth of Yang-zi River toward the southwestern tip
of the Korean peninsula.6
Yan and the so-called Yan long wall
According to the Shi-ji, King Wu (r. 1049-43 BC) of Western Zhou enfeoffed
his half-brother, Shao-gong, as the ruler of (Northern) Yan, and also enfeoffed
Kija (Ji-zi, a relative of the last king of Shang) as the ruler of Chosun, an
eastern neighbor of Yan. With a few strokes, Si-ma Qian installed two ancient
Han Chinese royal scions as founders of the states located in the traditional
domain of both the Dong-hu and Ye-maek Tungus. The Shi-ji states that, during
the reign of King Cheng (1042-1006 BC), the Lord of Zhou (regent. 1042-36 BC)
ruled the east of Shaan, and the Duke of Shao the west of Shaan. Shi-ji notes
that there must have been another Yan (called Southern Yan) that did not belong
to the territory enfeoffed to Shao-gong.7 Chosun
appears in the records on the ruler of Qi (685-43 BC) in the Guan-zi that was
compiled during the Warring States Period.8 Puyeo and
Chosun both appear in the Shi-ji records on (Old) Yan in the fourth century BC.
The History of Later Han records that the area of Ye, Ok-jeo and Koguryeo
originally belonged to the territory of Chosun.9
The Zhou court fell into complete decay and the Warring States period began
in 403 BC. According to the Wei-Lüe (quoted in the Three Han section of
Dongyi-zhuan), when the Zhou became weak, the ruler of Yan assumed the title of
king [in 323 BC]; then the ¡°Lord of Chosun, a scion of Ji-zi (Kija)¡± also
declared himself king; and these two states were on the brink of fighting each
other. The armed conflicts between Chosun and Yan at last occurred c. 300 BC:
the Yan dispatched a general named Qin Kai (who was active during 311-297 BC) to
invade Chosun. The Wei-Lüe was compiled between 280 and 289 AD by Yu Huan, and
about 40 percent of Dongyi-zhuan consists of quotations from the Wei-Lüe.
According to the Xiong-nu section of Shi-ji, the general named Qin Kai had
been taken as hostage to the Dong-hu, enjoyed the fullest confidence of them,
but after returning to Yan, staged a surprise attact on the Dong-hu in 311 BC,
just 90 years prior to Yan¡¯s downfall in 222 BC, making the Dong-hu to retreat
about a thousand li. The Shi-ji then notes that the Yan had established five
provinces, including the Liao-xi and Liao-dong provinces, and constructed a Long
Wall from Zao-yang to Xiang-ping.10
According to the Shi-ji, the walls built by the Yan and rebuilt by the Qin
reached Laio-dong. As shown in the twelfth century map of Di Li Tu, however, the
present-day Luan River was called the Liao River in old days, and the
present-day Liao River was called the Lesser Liao River. Hence the ¡°Liao-dong¡±
in the Shi-ji must have implied the east of Luan River.11
That is, the Liao-xi and Liao-dong provinces established by the Yan must have
been located around the modern-day Luan River, while the provinces of Shang-gu,
Yu-yang, and Youbei-ping were located in northern Hebei.
Remains of a line of fortifications (built with stamped earth and stone),
comprising of lookout posts, ramparts, ditches, small and large forts, beacon
towers, and stone walls blocking mountain passes, were found running
approximately from the Karachin Banner in the west to the Fu-xin district in the
east. This line of fortifications is alleged to be the ¡°Long Wall¡± constructed
by the Yan. Many people imagine that the walls extend further to the west and
east. The following are the archeological findings reported by Di Cosmo (2002:
148-50, 157), minus his own interpretation of these findings.
Several citadels and round habitations built in stone on high terrain were
discovered along the line of the walls from where archeologists have recovered
artifacts attributed to the Upper Xiajia-dian culture (2000-1500 BC). Both
outside and inside this line of fortifications, the only cultural remains are
¡°non-Chinese.¡± The archeologists believe that the original dwellers were
Dong-hu. Archeological excavations in the proximity of the section of the wall
near Chi-feng also reveal the presence of the Upper Xiajia-dian and the Ordos
bronze cultures.12 It is obvious that the whole area was
inhabited exclusively by non-Chinese, mostly pastoral people. The wall
was not built to separate nomad and farmer, but to establish a strong military
presence to control the movement of people. The wall was mostly defending the
non-agricultural territory. There is no evidence to support that the wall was
protecting the Han Chinese settlements in areas traditionally inhabited by alien
peoples engaged mainly in pastoral activities. We still do not know the precise
function of the wall, and what it was actually defending.
The only basis of attributing this line of fortifications running from
Karachin Banner to the Fu-xin to the work of the Yan (dating to no later than
299 BC) rests solely on the ¡°Long Wall¡± mentioned in the Shi-zhi.
The Ye section of Dongyi-zhuan states that, at the end of the Qin dynasty
when the empire was plunged in chaos by rebellion (in 209 BC), tens of thousands
of people started to flee from northeastern China (Qi, Zhao and Yan) to Chosun,
and a Yan person named Wei-Man came (c. 206-195 BC) ¡°with a topknot wearing
barbarian clothes.¡± Wei-Man was entrusted with the custody of refugees in the
western frontier district, but he eventually usurped the throne of Chosun. The
Han section of Dongyi-zhuan records that the king of Chosun who was thrown out
by Wei-Man fled south to the [Three] Han (old Chin) area and called himself the
King of Han.13
According to the Shi-ji, the ancient Yan was the smallest and the weakest
among the seven warring states, and it was during the reign of King Zhao (á¹
311-279 BC) that the Yan had supposedly expanded its territory greatly toward
northeast. And yet King Zhao somehow decided, supposedly at the peak of Yan¡¯s
military might, to remove his court to Wuyang ÙëåÕ near Yixian ì¯úã that was located
in southwest of the old capital Jicheng 薊àò. A host of questions may arise in
one¡¯s mind, such as: (1) Had the (Northern) Yan¡¯s territory ever extended beyond
the present-day Hebei province?; (2) Did the so-called ¡°Yan Long Wall¡± have
anything to do with the Han Chainese Yan?; (3) Wasn¡¯t the ¡°Long Wall¡±
mentioned in the Shi-ji located at the exactly identical places where Qin
Shi-huang-di later constructed the ¡°Great Wall,¡± serving as its ready-made
base?; (4) Wasn¡¯t there a Dong-hu (Southern) Yan domain together with the Han
Chinese (Northern) Yan?; (5) Who had been occupying the Liao-xi area around the
Luan River prior to the Qin Kai¡¯s exploits in 311 BC?; (6) Who did occupy the
the Daling-he basin of the modern-day Liao-ning province after the Qin Kai¡¯s
exploits?; and (7) How could a ¡°Yan¡± person named Wei-Man appear sometime in
206-195 BC wearing Dong-hu clothes complete with a topknot? 14
The Xianbei-Donghu and the Ye-maek Tungus
On the mainland China, both ¡°low-carbon¡± wrought iron and ¡°high-carbon¡± cast
iron were present from 500 BC onwards, and ¡°medium-carbon¡± steel was common
after 300 BC. It is believed that the iron culture of China, in the form of iron
weapons, horse trappings, bits, axle caps, hoes, plowshares, and sickles, was
transmitted to Korea through Old Yan c. 400 BC.15
Artifacts found together with iron implements in Korea proper include the
finely wrought bronze daggers (slender stabbing swords, the blade still being
cast separately from the hilt) and the Scytho-Siberian style animal-shaped belt
buckles.
The conflicts between Old Chosun and Old Yan that were formally recorded in
the Chinese dynastic chronicles suggest a fairly intimate relationship (in the
form of incessant warfare, as usual between any good neighbors) having been
maintained between the Mongolic Xianbei and the Tungusic Ye-maek people of
central Manchuria and Korean peninsula. According to Barnes (1993: 152), the Yan
kingdom was the weakest of the seven major Late Zhou feudal states, and yet
produced a greater abundance of iron artifacts than Qin, the strongest state, as
manifested by the several iron foundries excavated: ¡°The earliest-known iron
armor is also from Yan, and this state has played a major role in initiating the
Korean iron Age around 400 BC –only a century after iron production became a
viable industry on the Mainland itself.¡± 16 Old
Chosun had so grown in strength and domain as to interrupt, in the second
century BC, the contact between the Former Han dynasty and the petty walled town
states of Chin (the later period Three-Han) located south of the Han River in
the Korean peninsula (see Lee, 1984, p. 17). In early 109 BC, the King of Chosun
invaded Liao-dong [located in east of the Luan River] and killed a Han Chinese
officer. Being seriously concerned about the possible alliance with the
Xiong-nu, Han Wu-di (141-87 BC) launched an attack on Chosun in autumn. The King
of Chosun was killed in summer of 108 BC, and Wu-di established four
commanderies, thus ¡°severing the left arm of the Xiong-nu.¡±17 Within three decades, however, only the Le-lang commdandery
in the Tae-dong River basin remained (until about 313 AD, together with the
Dai-fang Commandery that was established by the Gong-sun rulers some time
between 204 and 220).
BC 108 represents the historical date of the Han Chinese debouchment into the
lower basin of the Liao River and the northwestern coast of the Korean peninsula
for the first time in East Asian history. After the fall of the Western Jin in
316 AD, the Han Chinese settlers who became isolated in the Liao River basin
blended alternately with the Xianbei and the Tungus as advantage dictated. The
formal Han Chinese rule of the Liao-dong area was repeated 352 years later
during 668-755 under the Tang dynasty. Most of the time, however, the Liao-dong
had been a land contested among the Xianbei-Qidan and Yemaek-Ruzhen Tungus
peoples.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[°¢ÁÖ]
1 Ethnohistory is a branch of anthropology that analyzes the
origin, distribution, and distinguishing characteristics of the races
(pertaining to the speech or culture groups), especially in regard to the
development of cultures, through the analysis of archeological findings.
Ethnohistory tends to respond to the current political environment in East Asia
as elsewhere, imposing obvious and subtle constraints on the ways ethnohistory
is pursued.
2 Definite evidence of millet (dated c. 5000 BC) is found at
Xin-le sites (including the region around Shenyang and sites to the north) of
Liao-dong.. See Nelson (1993: 108).
3 See Nelson (1993: 113-6, 158, 161). Xu Yu-lin (Nelson,
1995: 66, 79) sees the Chul-mun pottery of the Korean peninsula as closely
related to the incised jars of Liao-dong. According to Nelson (1995: 10),
closely related pottery is found throughout northeastern Asia, including
coastal Siberia, Korea, and Japan: ¡°It differs in construction and decorative
techniques from pottery further south in China.¡±
4 In Asia, dolmen is found from India to Manchuria, but the
highest density (exceeding 100,000 units) is found in Korea proper.
According to Nelson, the number of dolmen in Korea suggests their indigenous
origin as well as the possibility that the Ye-maek ruling elites tried ¡°to mark
their territory by means of their burial places, as occurred in the British
Isles.¡± See Nelson (1993: 159, 163). The northern-type dolmen, emerged in
the late Chul-mun period, has huge slabs and capstone (weighing up to 300 tons),
forming a cist-like chamber above ground, while the southern-type dolmen,
emerged in the late Bronze Age, has a large capstone resting on several smaller
stones at ground level with the burial in a stone cist or jar coffin in the
ground underneath. Necklaces of tubular beads as well as comma-shaped beads
appear in burials. According to Nelson (1995: 16), dolmens in the Manchurian
plain and Liao-dong peninsula reveal ¡°close connections with those in the Korean
peninsula in contents as well as construction.¡± Xu Yu-lin (Nelson, 1995: 80)
contends that ¡°the Liao-dong, Shan-dong, and Korean peninsulas have influences
and close relationships among them in the Neolithic.¡± The Dong-yi, who
built dolmens around the Shan-dong peninsular region, were either absorbed or
pushed into the Manchurian basin by the Han Chinese.
5 See Nelson (1993: 137-8).
6 See Kim (1986: 121).
7 ÞÈÑÀ Ïéß²ä¨ÞÌ æØá¯Íëá¦Ê«ð¯ ÞÌ ñ²ÙëèÝñýØþñÄ Üæá¯ÍëåÚÝÁæØ áäõ÷èØ êóÑõæØ ÍºéöÝÁæØ Ðìî¤à÷èÝãÁ
á¯ÍëêÓß²Íë í»àíì¤à¤ á¯Íëñ«ñý í»àíì¤ÔÔ ñ²Íëñ«ñý àííº ËÏÐÑûðÒÜàíúããÀ奡¦ üøèÝì£ä¨öÒÒ´ æØÌ¸òÚó¦Øþë»ÏС¦æØèÝØÌÞÕËÜסÔÔ¡¦òÚÚûסÔÔ ¡¦÷¼ÞÈÍëèØ¡¦
æØÚÞØÁ貉 Ò®ðÂðºòË ÐøÏ©Ë®ÏÐñýùÙ õÌêÓå°á³
ÞÈÑÀ Ïé߲䍸¢ áäÚ°íá¦Ê«ð¯ø¢ ѹííº ñÄöÑô«å¥¡¦ñ²ÙëèÝÛéñÄкëÜ¡¦Û¾ÙýÑ¹í¡¦ÜæÑ¹íåÚðÈàØ ì»ÝÕãíå¥ ÞÈÑÀ ÏéÞÌ
ñ²ÜâѺ ð¯ÞÌ ÙëèÝ¡¦ Ù¤á¯Íëà·Ñ¹íñýáö
8 ηí Ïéì£ä¨ß² ÌîñìË£ ð¯ø¢ä¨ ü¸ÍëèØ ÞÌì¨ÝÕÜס¦Î·íÓßèØ¡¦ðÈàØÝÕðÈ...[ηñê,?...645
BC]
9 ÞÈÑÀ ÏéìéÛÝì£ä¨Îú ü§ãÖæêîî ð¯ë»ä¨Îú ÜýæØæ²ÚúÊåñýùÙ¡¦ÔÔÝÁÜ«û× ß¾ÍÛò¸×¡ÔÔ¡¦ÝÁ鄰è¡ü¸Üýæ® ÔÔ綰çÛ貉[Øç]ðÈàØ¡¦ñý××
ýùÓßöÏéø¢ä¨çé ÔÔì¨æêîî çØ çØÐàèªîÁÏ£ÕòÜâËËðÈàØñýò¢å¥
סÞÈ ò¢×âò¤ì£ ÔÔÌÈé¬åÕݤÜâ ðÈàØñýò¢
10 ß²ÏÐò¤ êàßö ÔÔì¨îî ùÛîî êàÕÔèØ à®Ñ¹íñýýðÈàØý¦ ̸ñ²áñ æØí»ðîêÓèÝ [323 BC] é°ÔÔÕÔñý
ðÈàØý¦æ²í»öàêÓèÝ é°ýéܲæ½ÌªæØì¤ðîñ²ãø¡¦æØÒ¬ÌºíâòÚËÒÍôÐìà¤Û°¡¦ ÓðסÔÔ ãÁðÈàØèÝÜúئÜúÞÝ ÐìíñÞØ¡ ì£ä¨æ®Ò´ì»òçú£ÑÃ[BC 209-8] ô¸ù»Õ¯ æØðºðáÚÅáþÍÈ
õªõªØÌèÙñÞ¡¦ðÈàØæ¨æØÍ£åÚøªâ©
The Pei River was recorded as the border between Yan and
Chosun. Luan, Daling, Laio, Hun, Yalu, Cheong-cheon, and Tae-dong Rivers have
been proposed by various scholars as plausible candidates for the Pei River.
Shim (2002: 302) notes that ¡°post-Qin people still considered the area in the
Luan and Daling River valleys as Chosun.¡± Shim quotes Huai-nan-zi, which was
written in the second century BC: ¡°At the eastern end [of Han], beyond Jie-shi
mountain, [we] pass through Chosun, a state of benevolent and great people.¡±
Shim also quotes Yan-ti-lun, complied in the first century BC: ¡°the state of Yan
is said to have been blocked by Jie-shi Mountain.¡± The Jie-shi Mountain is
located in Chang-li prefecture to the east of the lower Luan River.
ÞÈÑÀ Ïéð¯ìéÛÝä¨ ýÖÒ¿æêîî ð¯çéä¨ æØêóúçíâòÚËÒ êÓòõåÚ û× û×ä¤ãáñý Ïýì»ã©÷òñËÔÔû× ÔÔû×
卻ô¶æ®×ì¡¦æØæ²õéíþàò í» ðãåÕò¸åÑøÁ¡¦öÇß¾ÍÛåÛåÕéÓÝÁøÁ סà¤×¡ÔÔÏÛì»ËÞû×
11 See also Yoon (1986: 43-58).
ÞÈÑÀ ýÖÒ¿æêîî ð¯çéä¨ æØæ²õéíþàò¡¦ò¸åÑøÁ êßá¹éöÐÑסÔÔá¶×âå¥ ÞÈÑÀ Ï鸢䍸¢ ÙÕÒ¸æêîîð¯ì£ä¨ø¢ ã·üÕ ¡¦ õéíþàò
¡¦ ò¸×¡ÔÔ
12 The excavation of a large number of bronze objects, such
as knives with ringed handles, horse- and bird-motif ornaments, bell ornaments,
buttons, earrings, and belt hooks places this area in a cultural context that is
fully outside the Central Plain sphere.
13 ß²ÏÐò¤ êàßö è¡ü¯àØÝäÔÔì¨îî çØîî ¡¦òçãÔõÑà ô¸ù»ÚäòÚ æØðºðáÚÅùò¢ðÈàØâ¦Ø¿Ï¢ æØìÑêÛØ» 魋Ì¿ì¨Ü× ÜÖÕÎèÝñý
ùÛîî ¡¦Ðà綰Úã ìýýÖÒ¿ æØìÑêÛØ»ØÌÙ¤ êÓû×Ü× ¡¦çáñÞú¢àãñÞÏ´ËÜà¤Í£ â¥ñéÏÐØÌÙ¤ ¡¦ Öµáúà¤Ü« ¡¦ âÄü½ÍôñÞ ñÞ¡¦ñËìýú ËÜùÛò¢
í»ûÜùÛèÝ
14 According to Guo (1995b: 178), burials of Lower
Xiajia-dian culture were found at Liuli-he in Beijing at levels earlier than the
Shang dynasty, beneath the level of the Early Western Zhou in what became the
capital of the Shao-gong¡¯s Yan State. The character for Yan had already existed
in inscriptions on oracle bones. Sima Qian (c. 145-86 BC) wrote that King Wu
enfeoffed Shao-gong as the ruler of Northern Yan. Shi-ji gives a note saying
that there must be some other Yan, such as the Southern Yan. During a hundred
year period of 336-436, there appeared four Yan states, namely, the Former Yan
(337-70), the Later Yan (384-408), the Western Yan (384-94), the Southern Yan
(398-410), and the Northern Yan (409-36). Surprisingly, the rulers of the
Norther Yan, that was located in the Liao-xi area, were Han Chinese, while the
rulers of all other Yan states including the Southern Yan that was located in
the Shan-dong peninsula, were all the Murong Xianbei.
15 See Barnes (1993: 150). Yu Ying-shih (Twitchet and
Loewe, 1986: 447) states: ¡°active commercial contacts were taking some of the
inhabitants of Yan to Korea, where they left large quantities of coin cast in
Yan¡¯s mints.¡±
16 See Barnes (2001: 83-4). Nelson (1993: 174) notes that:
¡°Iron artifacts were produced in small furnaces which have been found along the
North Han River, dating to the third century BC or earlier. These sites are all
near sources of iron.¡± From the old Kaya sites on the southern Korean coast,
primitive iron-working furnaces have been found and dated to 1st and 2nd
centuries BC.
17 ùÓßö Ïéë» Ùëð¨Ñº ð¯ë» êªÜæì£Ò´¡¦ðÈàØèÝÍô߯סÔÔÔ´êÏ Ò¬Ù´ô¸ù»ÞÝñªÌªðÈàØ ë»êÅ¡¦õÕ ¡¦ÌºÒæàÏíâÏÚ¡¦íâëëÙ´ñªìÑ̪ðÈ
àØ ß²Ò´¡¦ù¾..ðÈàØóÖÐìèÝéÓËâú¢ ì¤Ðìò¢êÓÑâÕÈìúÔêúÜÔ³òØÛãÏÛ
ùÓßö ÏéöÒä¨ß² êßúçîî ð¯ÞÌ ä¨ß² üøÙëüÕð¨ÚÀñéÏÐ÷óÖÌ ÙíäÌ Ò»ñýãÁ...ÝÁåÁýÕҿ˽ÍàÞ÷䍨¿ñý ñë öÇçéáÕÏÐ
ÑÃÞýÛ°ì¤÷¬ÐìÝþé® ñýò¢ ÔÔÛéðÈàØ ÑÃúÜ菟ÑâÕÈì¤Ó¨ ýÕÒ¿ñýñ§Þ¢
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